Page 53 - IDEA Study 8 2017 Direct subsidies and R&D output in firms

Table A7. Propensity score matching estimates for international IP protection based on pooled data from IMPULS, TIP and ALFA programmes Estimation method Conventional estimation Difference-in- differences estimation Matching estimator (t) NN 1 -0.013 (0.011) NN 3 -0.008 (0.008) NN 5 -0.010 (0.008) NN 3 (caliper 0.01) -0.006 (0.007) Kernel -0.006 (0.007) 0.003 0.004 0.001 0.007 0.005 0.006 0.008 0.006 0.009 0.007 (t+1) (0.009)† (0.008)† (0.008)† (0.008)† (0.008)† (0.010)† (0.009)† (0.010)† (0.010)† (0.008)† (t+2) 0.009 (0.008)† 0.009 (0.007)† 0.007 (0.007)† 0.013 (0.007)† 0.011 (0.007)† 0.006 (0.009)† 0.014 (0.009)† 0.013 (0.009)† 0.014 (0.009)† 0.012 (0.008)† N 49,321 49,321 49,321 49,321 49,321 49,321 49,321 49,321 49,321 49,321 NN 1 NN 3 NN 5 NN 3 (caliper 0.01) -0.006 (0.010) -0.002 (0.010) -0.005 (0.009) -0.003 (0.009) Kernel -0.004 (0.009) Note: Abadie Imbens robust standard errors in parentheses for nearest neighbour matching in conventional estimation and otherwise bootstrapped standard errors after 1,000 replications in parentheses; * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001. † IP application data are not complete due to the publishing delay. 51